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Month: June 2016

Chicken or egg? 5-year-old not confused

Chicken or egg? 5-year-old not confused

Poets and philosophers long have argued chicken/egg algorithms. And scientists have argued food allergy/eczema scenarios. For years it was felt food allergy was the seminal event preceding eczema.

The natural history and logic of this position are hard to dismiss. Even a 5-year-old who recently completed his allergy testing to better understand his skin rash, (which showed strong positives to both egg white and egg yolk), asked me why he needed to have these tests for his “eggs-ema.” Wasn’t it obvious to the doc that eggs were the cause?

As it turns out, it’s the eczema that causes the food allergy. Or actually in more technical terms, it’s the loss in skin-barrier function that causes food allergy. The primary fault in eczema is a less-than-ideal barrier response of the skin, due to reduced production of a barrier protein called filaggrin. This allows skin absorption of food, which in turn leads to the development of food allergy. The loss of barrier function antedates the actual appearance of the eczema rash.

Ironically, once the food allergy develops, it becomes a strong driving force to worsen the eczema.

Allergenic children born that way

Allergenic children born that way

Infants who have food allergy display a pro-inflammatory profile at the time of birth in their umbilical cord blood.

So say research scientists at the University of Melbourne. They found that the length of a woman’s labor seemed to lead to greater numbers of white blood cells that produce inflammatory proteins (called cytokines). In other words: short labor also leads to less chance of food allergy; long labor leads to a greater chance of food allergy.

Dear Doc: How long can I count on my Epipen?

Dear Doc: How long can I count on my Epipen?

Dear Dr. K: I keep an Epipen for “just in case,” but so far I have never had to use it. I keep replacing it when it expires, but it is expensive. Is it possible to use it past its expiration date? 

The answer is “yes, probably.”

The “probably” is based on the clarity of the liquid. If, when you look through the syringe and the medicine is clear, then it’s both safe and effective. If the liquid is yellow or cloudy, then discard it.

The Medical Letter, which is a nonprofit academic resource for physicians and hospitals seeking non-pharmaceutical company-biased information, actually addressed these issues in their December issue. They actually cited their research studies done on epipens.

The first study looked at pens that were from 1 to 90 months past their expiration. This showed a percentage reduction in potency correlated with the number of post-expiration months; i.e., pens one-month past expiration had 1 percent reductions in potency, while pens 90 months past had 90 percent reductions.

A second study evaluated pens 36 months past expiration and found them to be from 84 to 100 percent potent.

A third study looked at epipens stored on EMS vehicles that were from one to 11 years expired. These devices retained from 3 to 31 percent of their potency. The Medical Letter pointed out that exposure to greater heat in the ambulances will speed the degradation of the active medicine.

Data from the U.S. Department of Defense/FDA Shelf-Life Extension Program, which tests the stability of drugs past their expiration dates, showed that in a study of 3,000 different drugs 88 percent of them remained stable and fully active 66 months past expiration. High heat and humidity do accelerate degradation of many drugs.

This publication did say that ophthalmic (eye) medicines should never be used beyond expiration, even though the medication may be stable, because bacterial contamination occurs with repeat use. Authors also pointed out that certain dry powder inhalers such as Advair Diskus slowly absorb moisture once the device is removed from its foil container. This “gums up” the delivery in devices past expiration.

Not allergy, but relief offered

Not allergy, but relief offered

Pityriasis rosea is not an allergic condition but is frequently seen by allergists as its main manifestation is a skin rash that looks “temptingly allergic” in nature.

This rash is preceded by a single spot called the “herald patch.” This clue is sometimes missed because it appears in a hidden spot on the body such as the back or armpit. Within one to two weeks of the herald, a generalized rash appears.

The spots are circular to oval in shape and about the size of a mosquito bite. There tends to be a little scaling of the skin from the pink/red spots.

On the trunk the rash often resembles a “Christmas tree” in distribution. It can occur at any age but is most common between 10 and 35 years of age.

Most patients don’t feel any sensation from the rash, but 10-15 percent feel mild itchiness. It can occur year-round, but is more frequent in the spring. Notably, in 69 percent of cases the rash is preceded by a simple upper respiratory infection.

Thought to be caused by reactivation of herpes viruses 6 and 7- which causes roseola in infants – the rash is usually the lone symptom, but some patients get a low-grade temp, headache, fatigue and nausea.

The rash is so typical it is usually diagnosed with a glance, but could be occasionally confused with Lyme disease, ringworm or psoriasis. It lasts three to 12 weeks and can be helped with the antiviral Acyclovir. Sunlight helps it heal, and moisturizers and antihistamines can be used by people who itch.

Long study of steroids in childhood asthma released

Long study of steroids in childhood asthma released

The results of a Harvard study done over the past 25 years on childhood asthma are somewhat distressing. The research was published in a recent edition of The New England Journal of Medicine. Known as CAMP – Childhood Asthma Management Program – the study allowed long-term outcomes to be determined.

It compared the use of a daily inhaled steroid versus placebo for the first 4.5 years. Then the children were returned to the care of their pediatricians and followed for 20+ years. As young adults, 11 percent of this group met the World Health Organization’s criteria for COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease).

Also, there was no apparent long-term preventive value from the 4.5 years of daily steroid use during childhood. Development of chronic impaired lung function occurred equally in treated and untreated groups. Remember that despite this lack of long-term benefits, inhaled steroids are still the cornerstone of asthma management. Hundreds of studies have shown their benefit in controlling symptoms, improving quality of life and reducing ER visits and asthmatic deaths.

At least, there is a therapy known to prevent long-term loss of lung function in asthmatic children — that is immunotherapy (allergy shots). Of course, it only benefits children whose asthma is allergenic in nature. Fortunately, this is the majority of asthmatic children.

Infants who have food allergy display a pro-inflammatory profile in their umbilical cord blood at the time of birth.

So say research scientists at the University of Melbourne. They found that the length of a woman’s labor seemed to lead to greater numbers of white blood cells that produce inflammatory proteins (called cytokines).

Thus: short labor also leads to less chance of food allergy; long labor leads to a greater chance.

Q – Tips: phenylephrine

Q – Tips: phenylephrine

  • A recent double-blind study comparing phenylephrine to placebo showed no measurable difference in reducing nasal congestion. For people who need/use pseudoephedrine for their congestion, it is available “behind the counter” and must be signed for.